This is a good test as the author uses the same pistols (other than caliber) and the same brand and type of ammo (Federal HST in this case) to compare the .40 S&W and 9mm +P. Obviously, these results are only for the Federal HST and might be different for other ammo. Notably, the Federal HST was picked for the test because it is what the host would recommend for carry.
The results were interesting. Both the 9mm and .40 S&W had excellent expansion with the longer barreled pistols, giving the win to the .40 S&W: it started larger than the 9mm and so, fully expanded, it was still larger than the 9mm, and the penetration was basically the same. But the lower velocity out of the shorter barrel weighed against the .40 S&W such that the 9mm performed better both as to expansion and penetration when using the compact pistols.
The takeaway, then, was that with this ammunition, the 9mm was a better choice out of a compact pistol while the .40 S&W would be the better option for a full sized pistol. Selecting a round is about more than just how well it works in a ballistic test, though. One of the reasons 9mm has been so successful is that it hits a sweet spot balancing size, recoil, and effectiveness.
VIDEO: "As a Ballistic Tester - The 9mm and .40 S&W Ammo I Would Recommend - Worth Going up to .40 S&W?" -- Gun Sam Revolver Ballistics (18 min.)
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